Griscom, Bronson W., Justin Adams, Peter W. Ellis, Richard A. Houghton, Guy Lomax, Daniela A. Miteva, William H. Schlesinger, et al. Certainly, more solutions are needed and emerging, but there is no reasonor timeto wait. We assumed that reduced loss and wastage can be diverted to feed current and future undernourished populations. Drawdown's Neighborhood tells the stories of climate solutions heroes city-by-city. Our work shows the world can reach drawdown by mid-centuryif we make the best use of all existing climate solutions. All monetary values are presented in 2014 US$. The Project Drawdown name and Drawdown logo are registered trademarks of ProjectDrawdown. Adoption of the Conservation Agriculture solution was constrained by limiting adoption on sloping cropland, competition with rice solutions, and competition with the higher-priority Regenerative Annual Cropping solution. Read on for highlights from 2022 and a sneak peek at our plans for the year ahead. (2012). Do you want to discover your role in slowing climate change? Following the reports publication, the Drawdown Lift team embarked on a fast-paced (mostly virtual) tour promoting the findings and recommendations. This solution replaces conventional electricity-generating technologies such as coal, oil, and natural gas power plants. Alexandratos, N., & Bruinsma, J. Roughly one-third of all food produced worldwide is wasted. The findings outlined in the report are really important to our work, remarked Mikko Ollikainen, head of the UNFCCCs Adaptation Fund, as they delineate the interconnections between climate solutions, the improvements of livelihoods, and other benefits, and therefore advance the well-being of the communities that we serve. CO 2 Equivalent Reduced/Sequestered 20202050-1.62 to -1.44. This was required due to the complexity of estimating country- and regional-scale food consumption and waste trends. We are proud to be doubling down on our call to action: Every job is a climate job. This was required due to the complexity of estimating country- and regional-scale food consumption and waste trends. As Project Drawdown executive director Jonathan Foley and Drawdown Labs director Jamie Alexander wrote in CNN Opinion this year: WebProject Drawdown defines our Landfill Methane Capture solution as the process of capturing methane generated from municipal solid waste in landfills and burning the captured biogas to generate electricity. Microsoft is quietly building a mobile Xbox store that will rely on Activision and King games. We calculated impacts of increased adoption of the Regenerative Annual Cropping solution from 2020 to 2050 by comparing two growth scenarios with a reference scenario in which the market share was fixed at current levels. Climatic Change, 95(12), 83102. Adoption of the Regenerative Annual Cropping solution was constrained by several factors, including limiting adoption to cropland of minimal slopes and competition with rice solutions. Throughout the year, the team had more than 60 public and media engagements and wrote 20 articles and op-eds, in addition to producing a high-level analysis of Nationally Determined Contributions in eight African countries. This improves productivity and removes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. Galvanizing bold climate action among these powerful global actorsand doing what we can to hold them accountable to their commitmentsremains our mission at Drawdown Labs since we launched this experiment three years ago. Adoption scenarios in this model grow linearly over time starting from the base year of 2014, and are considered complete in 2050. The transition to clean energy presents opportunities for education and employment for communities everywhere. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2013.09.046, Stehfest, E., Bouwman, L., van Vuuren, D. P., den Elzen, M. G. J., Eickhout, B., & Kabat, P. (2009). It protects soil, avoids emissions, and sequesters carbon. We released Job Function Action Guides for seven common corporate job functions, highlighting the climate actions that individuals in these rolescan implement at work. Sustainable Intensification for Smallholders, Food, Agriculture, and Land Use / Land Sinks, Food, Agriculture, and Land Use / Coastal and Ocean Sinks, Coastal and Ocean Sinks / Coastal and Ocean Sinks. These practices sequester carbon in soils and reduce emissions at modest rates, but have wide adoption potential and thus impressive mitigation potential. We set sequestration rates using the upper boundary from the Conservation Agriculture solution model because regenerative annual cropping adds known sequestration practices to the three already practiced in conservation agriculture. Pretty, J. N., A. D. Noble, D. Bossio, J. Dixon, R. E. Hine, F. W. T. Penning de Vries, and J. I. L. Morison. We modeled conservation agriculture as a bridge to regenerative annual cropping, which includes more than one practice (compost application, organic farming, or green manure use). Scenario 2 reduces greenhouse gas emissions by 8.08 gigatons of carbon dioxide equivalent. We must set food waste reduction targets at country levels and broken down to corporate, supplier, and consumer levels. To avoid double counting, we use an integration model that allocates land area among all Food, Agriculture, and Land Use sector solutions. Project Drawdown is a nonprofit organization that seeks to help the world reach "drawdown"as quickly, safely, and equitably as possible. Greenhouse Gas Emission Estimates of U.S. Dietary Choices and Food Loss: GHG Emissions of U.S. Dietary Choices and Food Loss. Each solution reduces greenhouse gases by avoiding emissions and/or by sequestering carbon dioxide already in the atmosphere. Ecological Economics 75, pp 91-101. http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0921800912000043. The Center for American Progress is dedicated to improving the lives of Americans through progressive ideas and action. Yield of annual crops under conservation agriculture increased to 882 million metric tons between 2020 and 2050. Tilling can make a field nutrient poor and less life-giving. While plant-rich diets are not necessarily the lowest-emission diets, they represent a significant improvement over current dietary practices, particularly those in countries like the US and Australia where meat (especially beef) consumption is high. Microsofts Activision Blizzard deal is key to the companys mobile gaming efforts. 2006. We leveled up corporate climate leadership to a new Drawdown-Aligned standard: Project Drawdown's programs are working to advance climate solutionssuch as plant-rich dietsacross the world. Project Drawdown is a nonprofit organization that seeks to help the world reach "drawdown"as quickly, safely, and equitably as possible. Project Drawdown is a nonprofit organization that seeks to help the world reach "drawdown"as quickly, safely, and equitably as possible. The food we waste is responsible for roughly 8 percent of global emissions. As Patterson says, We must prioritize climate solutions that generate substantial benefits for well-being to boost equity and usher in prosperity for populations least responsible for the climate crisis in Africa and South Asia. In the year ahead, we plan to host a number of high-level webinars, private convenings, and public events and will continue to share additional research on climate solutions that also alleviate poverty. We need to move faster on climate. Adoption scenarios in this model grow linearly over time starting from the base year of 2014, and are considered complete in 2050. To help bring this idea to life, this year we dug deeper into what that means and how we can help bring that rallying cry to life. The report highlights 28 climate solutions that leaders and practitioners in low- and middle-income countries can prioritize as they address climate impacts, advance sustainable development, and pursue renewable energy pathways. Research Fellows: Susan Miller Davis, Amanda Hong, Mihir Mathur, Jon Schroeder; Senior Director: Chad Frischmann, Sustainable Intensification for Smallholders, data compiled by the Food and Agriculture Organization, http://large.stanford.edu/courses/2014/ph240/yuan2/docs/ap106e.pdf, https://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/6503, https://css.umich.edu/sites/default/files/publication/CSS14-23.pdf, http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0301421513009701, http://www.nature.com/articles/nature13959, http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0921800912000043. Project Drawdowns Reduced Food Waste solution involves minimizing food loss and wastage from all stages of production, distribution, retail, and consumption. WebProject Drawdown conducts ongoing review and analysis of practices and technologies that are able to reduce greenhouse gas concentrations in Earths atmosphere and also are 1) currently available, 2) growing in scale, 3) financially viable, 4) able to have a net positive impact, and 5) quantifiable under different scenarios. A grassroots network of more than 180 international organizations and 200 million farmers, La Via Campesina, fights for food sovereignty and better management of the worlds resources. FACT 8. Journal of Industrial Ecology, pp 391-401. https://css.umich.edu/sites/default/files/publication/CSS14-23.pdf, Hoolohan, C., Berners-Lee, M., McKinstry-West, J., and Hewitt, C. N. (2013). The transition to clean energy presents opportunities for education and employment for communities everywhere. Nature, 515 (7528) pp 518-522. http://www.nature.com/articles/nature13959, Vieux, F., Darmon, N., Touazi, D., Soler, L. G. (2012). And we are considering multiple levers to scale climate solutionsincluding changes in policy, capital flows, business models, technology, and behavior. Results from both demand-side solutions (i.e., Reduced Food Waste and Plant-Rich Diets) determine the need for land conversion to cropland and grassland in order to meet future food demand. The benefits of that conversion are counted by the Regenerative Annual Cropping solution. This process is still in the early stages, and many pieces of software are still under development. Emissions reduction rates are identical to those for conservation agriculture: 0.23 metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent per hectare per year, based on meta-analysis of 14 data points from seven sources. Read a picture book about soil to a child in your life. https://www.fao.org/3/bb144e/bb144e.pdf, UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) (2014). Bringing about dietary change is not simple because eating is personal and cultural, but promising strategies abound. Nature Climate Change, 4(10), 924929. Conservation agriculture uses cover crops, crop rotation, and minimal tilling to produce annual crops. We set sequestration rates at 0.78, 0.38, 0.61, and 0.25 metric tons of carbon per hectare per year for tropical humid, temperate/boreal humid, tropical semi-arid, and temperate/boreal semi-arid zones, respectively. grass clippings, tree prunings, food waste. https://doi.org/10.1021/es051670d. Where income is low, waste is generally unintentional and occurs on farms or during storage or distribution. Current adoption of reduced food waste (defined as the amount of functional demand supplied in 2014) is considered to be 0 percent. From publishing a first-of-its-kind report to meeting with officials and civil society leaders and presenting at COP27, Drawdown Lift bridged important gaps between the climate and sustainable development fields. We connected thousands of employees with the action guides via social media, newsletters, presentations, and podcasts;the action guides are currently being used at companies across tech, manufacturing, food, and other industries. https://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/6503, Bajelj, B., Richards, K. S., Allwood, J. M., Smith, P., Dennis, J. S., Curmi, E., & Gilligan, C. A. WebWatch breaking news videos, viral videos and original video clips on CNN.com. Retailers and consumers reject food based on bumps, bruises, and coloring, or simply order, buy, and serve too much. Soil itself can be blown or washed away and carbon held within it released into the atmosphere. It replaces current reported trends in food waste by region. We estimated first costs at US$355.05 per hectare; for all agricultural solutions, we assume that there is no first cost, because agriculture is already in place on the land. Only rice-based solutions were more highly prioritized. In regions of higher income, food waste dominates further along the supply chain. Our Methods page explains how we arrived at our conclusions for each solution, and aGlossarydefinesterms usedin the solutions summaries. We can reduce waste in many ways. The Project Drawdown name and Drawdown logo are registered trademarks of ProjectDrawdown. It is a fairly large assumption that conservation agriculture will transition to regenerative annual cropping to such a degree, though all it takes for conservation agriculture to meet the criteria is to add any one of the following: green manures, compost application, or organic. Do you want to discover your role in slowing climate change? In lower-income countries, improving infrastructure for storage, processing, and transportation is essential. Terms are often defined on a situational basis (as is the case more Drawdown Scenario 1 is roughly in line with 2C temperature rise by 2100, while Drawdown Scenario 2 is roughly in-line with 1.5C temperature rise at centurys end. We grew our community andexpanded our reach: Jamie was a guest on the A Matter of Degrees podcast to discuss how individuals can take climate action at work. Research Fellows: Zak Accuardi, Susan Miller Davis, Karthik Mukkavilli, Jon Schroeder; Senior Director: Chad Frischmann, Sustainable Intensification for Smallholders, data compiled by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), http://large.stanford.edu/courses/2014/ph240/yuan2/docs/ap106e.pdf, https://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/6503, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2013.09.046, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-008-9534-6, http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0921800912000043, consuming reduced quantities of animal-based protein (particularly red meat, which is constrained to 57 grams per day). Heres how. Contribute to or volunteer with a food rescue organization. Between 2020 and 2050, Scenario 1 projectsthe total cumulative emissions reduction from adopting a plant-rich diet to be 78.33 gigatons of carbon dioxide equivalent gases: 54.19 gigatons due to diverted agricultural production, 23.99 gigatons from avoided land conversion, and 0.15 gigatons from sequestration from ecosystem protection. In a fiery discussion between Jason Jacobs and Jamie Alexander on the My Climate Journey podcast, we helped open up a new conversation about some of the tensions and double standards that exist in the climate solutions space, igniting important discussions and helping all of us see ourselves on the same team. Energy Policy, 63, 10651074. 2007. Our Agro-Ecological Zone model allocates adoption of solutions to the planets forest, grassland, rain-fed cropland, and irrigated cropland areas. Total land available for regenerative annual cropping is 685 million hectares, consisting of minimally sloped nondegraded land used for annual crops . These are the result of a meta-analysis of 59 data points from 40 sources. We estimate regenerative annual cropping will increase from an estimated 11.84 million hectares today to 219.16320.45 million hectares by 2050. In higher-income regions, major interventions are needed at the retail and consumer levels. Among the most fundamental research findings on this topic is that healthier diets tend to also be low-emission diets (Bajelj et al., 2014; Tilman and Clark, 2014; Stehfest et al., 2009). Lifetime net profit was US$205.35 billion, and lifetime net operational savings were US$3.52 trillion. To meet our definition of plant-rich, a diet must include: The caloric breakdown comes from Bajelj et al. This list is extensive but not exhaustive, and we continue to add to it as a living project. And so much more on our YouTube channel. 2017. Between 2020 and 2050, Scenario 1 projects the reduction of 88.50 gigatons of carbon dioxide equivalent emissions: 32.98 gigatons due to diverted agricultural production, 55.20 gigatons from avoided land conversion, and 0.32 gigatons from ecosystem protection. Regenerative Annual Cropping. Also critical: ending price-distorting government subsidies so the prices of animal protein more accurately reflect their true cost. Drawdown's Neighborhood tells the stories of climate solutions heroes city-by-city. We gathered an all-star lineup of climate experts and advocates in a webinar to press business leaders on robust climate policy advocacy. If measures are taken to reduce food waste by improving storage and transport systems, generating public awareness, and changing consumer behavior, this solution could lead to substantial reductions in waste and carbon emissions. Nature, 515(7528), 518522. Food loss and waste has many negative economic and environmental impacts. Do you want to discover your role in slowing climate change? World agriculture towards 2030/2050: The 2012 revision. These efforts culminated at COP27, where program staff and some Lift Advisory Council members presented at side events and met with key stakeholders, including ministry officials from Pakistan, Rwanda, Bangladesh, Uganda, and Tanzania as well as representatives from the Rockefeller Brothers Fund, the International Water Management Institute, and Arizona State University. We developed nine custom adoption scenarios for regenerative annual cropping. Financials are the same as forthe Conservation Agriculture solution. WebProject Drawdown's programs are working to advance climate solutionssuch as plant-rich dietsacross the world. Pap, 3. Scenario 1reduces greenhouse gas emissions by 12.81 gigatons of carbon dioxide equivalent. We held our business partners to a high standard, and publicly called on them to step up when they fail to meet our expectations. This involves two steps. Drawdown's Neighborhood tells the stories of climate solutions heroes city-by-city. We calculated the total change in food demand over time by weight and commodity type. We set emissions reduction rates from conservation agriculture at 0.23 metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent per hectare per year, based on meta-analysis of 14 data points from seven sources. Our model builds on this success, and projects evolution and improvement in the practice (in the form of regenerative agriculture) to keep it a critical climate change mitigation strategy into the future. Sustainable Intensification for Smallholders. Use your purchasing power to support farms that use regenerative practices such ascompost application, cover crops, crop rotation, green manures, no-till or reduced tillage, and/or organic production. How can we reduce livestock production in the face of high and rapidly increasing demand? Basing current adoption on organic agriculture is problematic in several ways. Using country-level data from the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, we estimated the growth in global food consumption by 2050, assuming that people in lower-income countries will consume more food and higher quantities of meat as economies grow. National food-waste targets and policies can encourage widespread change. Smith, P. D., Z. Martino, D Cai, and H Gwary. Greenhouse gas emissions of self-selected individual diets in France: Changing the diet structure or consuming less?. WebEveryone deserves to feel financially secure. Lifetime net profit is US$134.4 billion, and lifetime net operational savings are US$2.34 trillion. We invite a deeper dive into the many particularities and nuances of all of these solutions. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1710465114. Individual companies can offer the world powerfulnew ways to address climate change at unprecedented scale. The conservative scenarios assume adoption will continue through 2050, while the aggressive scenarios assume that the adoption of the Conservation Agriculture solution will peak by 2030 and begin to decline as land area under conservation agriculture converts to regenerative annual cropping due to increasing demand for organic and semi-organic agricultural products. Allrightsreserved. This year, Drawdown Lift also welcomed a new member of the team, Daniel Jasper, to serve as a policy advisor, and added new members to its Advisory Council: Rajib Ghosal (regional senior technical advisor, climate change, Save the Children, Asia-Pacific) and Cheikh Mback Faye (director, African Population and Health Research Center, West Africa Regional Office). But is this enough? We estimate that silvopasture is currently practiced on 550 million hectares. We help more people save through partnerships with leading financial institutions and state governments. An international movement addressing soil health and carbon sequestration in annual cropping systems is growing. WebImpact. WebFood loss and waste occurs at all stages of the food supply chain production, processing, sales, and consumption. When food is wasted, all the energy, resources, and money that went into producing, processing, packaging, and transporting it are wasted, too. Food, Agriculture, and Land Use. To evaluate the extent to which a Food, Agriculture, and Land Use sector solution can reduce greenhouse gas emissions and sequester carbon, we need to identify the total land area available for that solution in millions of hectares. WebThe latest Lifestyle | Daily Life news, tips, opinion and advice from The Sydney Morning Herald covering life and relationships, beauty, fashion, health & wellbeing Reduce Sources Industry Use Waste. Producing uneaten food squanders a whole host of resourcesseeds, water, energy, land, fertilizer, hours of labor, financial capitaland generates greenhouse gases at every stage. The projected dietary changes show significant impacts for countries such as India and China, where people are expected to demand more carbon-intensive foods over the next 30 years. The Rodale Institute farm in Kutztown, PA: 333 acres of formerly degraded farmland restored to productivity and biosequestration through regenerative agriculture. WebThe food we waste is responsible for roughly 8 percent of global emissions. Below you will find links to individual solutions, filterable by sector and area of action. Our model shows 0.30.5 gigatons of carbon dioxide equivalent per year by 2030 for Conservation Agriculture and 0.50.7 for Regenerative Annual Cropping, for a combined 0.860.98 gigatons carbon dioxide equivalent per year in 2030. Our job now is to delineatehowbest to do it so we can achieve the change needed in the time allowed. Mitigating the greenhouse gas emissions embodied in food through realistic consumer choices. High current per-capita meat consumption in high-income countries, paired with global diets that are forecasted to look increasingly Western, creates one of the most fundamental challenges of plant-rich diet adoption. WebProject Drawdowns Agro-Ecological Zone model allocates current and projected adoption of solutions to the planets forest, grassland, rain-fed cropland, and irrigated cropland. We applied emissions reductions associated with land conversion to Reduced Food Waste and Plant-Rich Diets solutions according to the proportion of their contribution to diverted food supply. Net first cost was US$115.8 billion. Northland Powers management team in front of the 67-turbine Mont Louis wind farm in the Gaspesie region of Quebec, Canada. We used meta-analysis to determine financial inputs. This increase could result in a total reduction of 15.1223.21 gigatons of carbon dioxide equivalent from sequestration and reduced emissions. WebProject Drawdown's programs are working to advance climate solutionssuch as plant-rich dietsacross the world. Some use the current global adoption rate of 0.36 percent per year, while others use 1.24 percent, which is the rate from South America, the region with the highest rate. Moreover, the burden of change seems highly equitable and implementable, because developing nations already consume fewer calories and do not need to shift their diets much, whereas developed nations need to address issues such as obesity. We assumed that reduced demand in countries with consumption trends higher than 2,250 kilocalories per capita per day can be diverted to feed current and future undernourished populations. The area is likely at least this large: For example, Pretty et al. The total land area allocated to the Regenerative Annual Cropping and Conservation Agriculture solutions is the same685 million hectaresfor all adoption scenarios, but allocated differently in each scenario. Journal of Industrial Ecology, 9(3) pp 391-401. http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/jiec.12174, Hoolohan, C., Berners-Lee, M., McKinstry-West, J., & Hewitt, C. N. (2013). We partnered with Terra.do to provide a deeper insight into what it means to apply a climate lens to your current role. It incorporates the best of both conservation agriculture and organic/agro-ecological annual cropping. Natural Climate Solutions. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114 (44): 1164550. Host a plant-based protein potluck and invite participants to share their recipes. We learned from the expertise of our two senior fellows, Chidi Oti Obihara and Sarah Frias-Torres,who spent the year with us doing important research on how Project Drawdowns climate solutions can help shift the flow of capital to climate solutions. World Wildlife Fund and Food Climate Research Network. Willer, Helga, Julia Lernoud, and Laura Kemper. Global diets link environmental sustainability and human health. They also tend to be healthier than animal-rich diets. WebProject Drawdown's programs are working to advance climate solutionssuch as plant-rich dietsacross the world. http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessmentreport/ar4/wg3/ar4-wg3-chapter8.pdf. It can guide policymakers, funders, and researchers for future investments. First, we classify the global land area into agro-ecological zones (AEZs) based on the land cover, soil quality, and slope and assign AEZs to different thermal moisture regimes. With atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations now over 420 parts per million, our window of opportunity is starting to close. We told employee stories, from those deeply engaging their customers and communities, to employees working beyond their job descriptionall in the pursuit of climate action. Stay tuned to our YouTube channeland sign up for our newsletter at the bottom of this page to stay in the loop on the work we havein store in 2023. We calculated total global emissions reductions from agricultural production based on the incremental adoption of plant-rich diets by comparing the two adoptionscenarios with the reference scenario. We defined the global market for reduced food waste as the total demand for food, based on estimated kilocalories supplied per year for consumption by all of the people in the world. The Conservation Agriculture solution is considered a bridge to the Regenerative Annual Cropping solution, and their adoption scenarios are linked. https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2353, Heller, M. C. and Keoleian, G. A. A plant-rich diet can be adopted incrementally with small behavioral changes that together lead to globally significant reductions in greenhouse gas emissions. How can we improve industrial processes and materials produced? Project Drawdowns Agro-Ecological Zone model allocates current and projected adoption of solutions to the planets forest, grassland, rain-fed cropland, and irrigated cropland. Natural Climate Solutions. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114 (44): 1164550. World Wildlife Foundation and Food Climate Research Network. We used our platform to hold leaders accountable andcall for faster action: Interested individuals can check out the ongoing work on Github, where Python and Excel versions of the models are being worked on, along with user interfaces, data management tools, and other software tools. Boulder Food Rescue, https://www.boulderfoodrescue.org redistributes food to low-income communities by bicycle. We can reduce waste in many ways. That event, Triple impact: Prioritizing climate solutions that advance adaptation, mitigation, and poverty alleviation, featured speakers from BRAC, One Acre Fund, Save the Children, and USAID. In all scenarios, the Conservation Agriculture solution grows until at least 2030 and then starts declining, but never shrinks below its 2018 rate of 148 million hectares. The Project Drawdown name and Drawdown logo are registered trademarks of ProjectDrawdown. We have been saying it for yearsits both possible and necessary to stem the flow of greenhouse gases into the atmosphereand climate solutions are finally starting to get the attention they deserve. To estimate emissions, we drew commodity-specific carbon dioxide equivalent per-calorie values from several sources (see Audsley et al., 2010; Heller and Keoleian, 2014; Hoolohan et al., 2013; Tilman and Clark, 2014; Vieux et al., 2012) and used them to determine minimum, average, and maximum estimated emissions factors per commodity. Alexandratos, N. and Bruinsma, J.. (2012). * Gigatons CO2 Equivalent Reduced / Sequestered (20202050). We calculated impacts of increased adoption of the Plant-Rich Diets solution from 2020 to 2050 by comparing two growth scenarios with a reference scenario in which the food demand reflects future business-as-usual dietary changes based on projected regional growth factors (Alexandratos et al., 2012). https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1710465114. Food waste generates unnecessary greenhouse gas emissions and wastes both water and land, harming ecosystems. To evaluate the extent to which a Food, Agriculture, and Land Use sector solution can reduce greenhouse gas emissions and sequester carbon, we need to identify the total land area available for that solution in millions of hectares. 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